Method and apparatus for pervasive authentication domains

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus for enabling a Pervasive Authentication Domain. A Pervasive Authentication Domain allows many registered Pervasive Devices to obtain authentication credentials from a single Personal Authentication Gateway and to use these credentials on behalf of users to enable additional capabilities for the devices. It provides an arrangement for a user to store credentials in one device (the Personal Authentication Gateway), and then make use of those credentials from many authorized Pervasive Devices without re-entering the credentials. It provides a convenient way for a user to share credentials among many devices, particularly when it is not convenient to enter credentials as in a smart wristwatch environment. It further provides an arrangement for disabling access to credentials to devices that appear to be far from the Personal Authentication Gateway as measured by metrics such as communications signal strengths.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of pervasivecomputing and, more particularly, to authentication in wired andwireless networking configurations, where users have a collection ofdevices, with each device requiring authentication capabilities.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is becoming increasingly common for individuals to operate manydevices that have the ability to connect to communication networks. Inparticular, it is common for individuals to carry many pervasivedevices, or electronic devices such as personal digital assistants(PDAs), laptop computers, wireless telephones, sensors, digital watches,etc. that can all be used to communicate or access information overwireless or wireline communication networks. In many cases,communication with these pervasive devices needs to be done in a securemanner to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of data, as well asprotecting the communication networks from unauthorized use.

This need for security places a great burden on users because they mustprovide authentication and authorization “credentials” for each devicethat they use for secure communications, where credentials are the meansfor declaring the security attributes of the users. The problem iscompounded by the fact that many devices, such as digital watches, donot have convenient user interfaces for entering credentials.

There are systems, such as wireless phone networks, that address thisproblem by providing long-term storage of user credentials to access thephone network in the wireless phone, and by providing automaticauthentication on behalf of the user to the phone network. This specialcase for existing wireless phone networks suffers from severaldisadvantages if applied to portable devices that connect with manydifferent secure services. First, if a device is lost, the credentialsstored on the device for each service can be compromised. In this case,the user must coordinate with each of the services to deactivate thecredentials as opposed to coordinating with one service in existingwireless phone networks. Second, if devices need many different usercredentials to access many different services, there is significantoverhead (e.g., extensive time and effort to be expended) in enteringthese credentials for each device.

To simplify the task of authentication and authorization for users andto provide better protection for credentials, it has been recognized asbeing highly desirable if a user could enter credentials on oneconvenient-authentication-device such that the authentication devicecould automatically and securely share the user's credentials withseveral or all of his or her pervasive devices. Furthermore, it isdesirable for such a system to protect user credentials that have beenshared with pervasive devices in the event that the devices are lost orstolen.

There are existing solutions that offer some of these desirablequalities. For example, user credentials can be protected if a device islost or stolen as long as the user credential has limited time validity,or is not cached by the device. However, this implies that the userwould need to frequently provide credentials to the device.

Conceivably, there are many solutions for exchanging data from onedevice to another that could be used to share credentials betweenpervasive devices. Such solutions include TCP/IP over wireless or PDAinfrared hot-syncing protocols, among others. These solutions, however,do not securely authenticate the devices. In PDA “hot-synching”, forexample, the only authentication used is the name of the device, whichcan easily be determined and forged.

There are also systems like Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)in which one device provides information that another device needs togain access to a network. In DHCP, a DHCP server provides an InternetProtocol address, an address for a network gateway, and addresses forDomain Name Service machines to a DHCP client computer. The DHCP clientcomputer uses these addresses to gain access to the network such thatthe needed information does not need to be manually configured on theDHCP client. However, the DHCP system does not address distribution ofuser credentials and cannot protect against disclosure of theinformation it provides to the client.

In view of the foregoing, a need has been recognized in connection withproviding more efficient and effective solutions than those previouslyattempted.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention, in accordance with at least one presentlypreferred embodiment, provides a mechanism by which security credentials(tokens) can be shared from a first device to one or more otherauthorized pervasive devices. There is provided an arrangement for auser to identify which devices are authorized to receive credentialsfrom the first device and an arrangement for securely communicating thecredentials. There is also provided an arrangement for protecting usercredentials from disclosure or unauthorized use if a device is lost orstolen. Herein, a device that shares credentials is referred to as a“Personal Authentication Gateway”, whereas the Personal AuthenticationGateway and the pervasive devices authorized to retrieve credentialsfrom it are referred to as making up a “Pervasive AuthenticationDomain.”

One use for at least one embodiment of the invention relates to enablinga user to provide credentials to just one of his or her devices thatwill in turn provide credentials automatically to the user's otherdevices when the user needs to communicate securely with one of theother devices. This is expected to provide benefit for users who havemany pervasive devices such as PDAs, wireless phones, laptop computers,etc.

Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention relates to providing amethod for a Personal Authentication Gateway to distributeauthentication and authorization credentials to other authorized deviceswhen the devices need credentials for secure communication.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to providing anapparatus for distributing authentication and authorization credentialsto other authorized devices when the devices need credentials for securecommunication.

A further aspect of the present invention relates to reducing the burdenon users that arises when they must manually provide credentials to eachdevice that they use to communicate securely.

An additional aspect of the invention relates to helping protectcredentials from disclosure or unauthorized use for devices that arelost or stolen, by ensuring that the credentials provided to the deviceshave limited time validity and by offering additional protections forthe credentials.

By way of example, a user could provide authentication and authorizationcredentials to a Personal Authentication Gateway device. The personalauthentication gateway device would then distribute credentials toauthorized devices that would like to communicate securely on behalf ofthe user. The authentication credentials would be time limited andprotected against tampering. If a device other than the PersonalAuthentication Gateway were lost or stolen, the Personal AuthenticationGateway could be notified that the device is no longer authorized andthe credentials on the misplaced device would be of limited value due tothe time limited validity.

In summary, one aspect of the present invention provides a method ofenabling at least one pervasive device to retrieve at least oneauthentication token from at least one personal authentication gateway,the at least one pervasive device comprising at least one automatictoken client application and the at least one personal authenticationgateway comprising at least one token server application, the methodcomprising the steps of: ascertaining at least one personalauthentication gateway from the at least one pervasive device; sendingat least one token request from at least one pervasive device to atleast one personal authentication gateway; and receiving a tokenresponse at the pervasive device from the at least one personalauthentication gateway.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of enabling atleast one personal authentication gateway to distribute at least oneauthentication token to at least one authorized pervasive device, the atleast one personal authentication gateway comprising at least one tokenserver and the at least one pervasive device comprising at least oneautomatic token client, the method comprising the steps of: receiving atleast one token request from at least one pervasive device on at leastone personal authentication gateway; determining whether the pervasivedevice is authorized to receive authentication tokens; and sending atleast one token response to the at least one pervasive device from atleast one personal authentication gateway.

A further aspect of the present invention provides an apparatus forenabling at least one pervasive device to retrieve at least oneauthentication token from at least one personal authentication gateway,the apparatus-comprising: a discoverer which finds at least one personalauthentication gateway capable of responding to token requests; a tokenrequestor which sends at least one requests for at least one tokenrequired by the at least one pervasive device; and a token responderwhich accepts at least one token requests and sends at least one tokenresponse with at least one authentication token to at least oneauthorized pervasive device.

An additional aspect of the present invention provides an apparatuscomprising means for enabling at least one personal authenticationgateway to distribute authentication tokens to at least one authorizedpervasive device, the apparatus comprising: means for registering atleast one-pervasive device for membership in a pervasive authenticationdomain; and means for receiving a token request from at least onepervasive device; means for determining whether the at least onepervasive device is authorized to receive authentication tokens; andmeans for sending at least one token response to the at least onepervasive device from at least one personal authentication gateway.

An additional aspect of the present invention provides a program storagedevice readable by machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructionsexecutable by the machine to perform method steps for enabling at leastone pervasive device to retrieve at least one authentication token fromat least one personal authentication gateway, the at least one pervasivedevice comprising at least one automatic token client application andthe at least one personal authentication gateway comprising at least onetoken server application, the method comprising the steps of:ascertaining at least one personal authentication gateway from the atleast one pervasive device; sending at least one token request from atleast one pervasive device to at least one personal authenticationgateway; and receiving a token response at the pervasive device from theat least one personal authentication gateway.

A yet further aspect of the present invention provides a program storagedevice readable by machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructionsexecutable by the machine to perform method steps enabling at least onepersonal authentication gateway to distribute authentication tokens toat least one authorized pervasive device, the at least one personalauthentication gateway comprising at least one token server and the atleast one pervasive device comprising at least one automatic tokenclient, the method comprising the steps of: receiving at least one tokenrequest from at least one pervasive device on at least one personalauthentication gateway; determining whether the pervasive device isauthorized to receive authentication tokens; and sending at least onetoken response to the at least one pervasive device from at least onepersonal authentication gateway.

A yet additional aspect of the present invention provides an article ofmanufacture comprising a computer usable medium having computer readableprogram code means embodied therein for causing a computer to effect amethod of enabling at least one pervasive device to retrieve at leastone authentication token from at least one personal authenticationgateway, the at least one pervasive device comprising at least oneautomatic token client application and the at least one personalauthentication gateway comprising at least one token server application,the method comprising the steps of: ascertaining at least one personalauthentication gateway from the at least one pervasive device; sendingat least one token request from at least one pervasive device to atleast one personal authentication gateway; and receiving a tokenresponse at the pervasive device from the at least one personalauthentication gateway.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides an article ofmanufacture comprising a computer usable medium having computer readableprogram code means embodied therein for causing a computer to effect amethod of enabling at least one personal authentication gateway todistribute at least one authentication token to at least one authorizedpervasive device, the at least one personal authentication gatewaycomprising at least one token server and the at least one pervasivedevice comprising at least one automatic token client, the methodcomprising the steps of: receiving at least one token request from atleast one pervasive device on at least one personal authenticationgateway; determining whether the pervasive device is authorized toreceive authentication tokens; and sending at least one token responseto the at least one pervasive device from at least one personalauthentication gateway.

Furthermore, an additional aspect of the present invention provides acomputer program product comprising a computer usable medium havingcomputer readable program code means embodied therein for causingenablement of at least one pervasive device to obtain authenticationtokens from at least one personal authentication gateway, the computerreadable program code means in the computer program product comprisingcomputer readable program code means for causing a computer to effect anapparatus for enabling at least one pervasive device to retrieve atleast one authentication token from at least one personal authenticationgateway, the apparatus comprising: a discoverer which finds at least onepersonal authentication gateway capable of responding to token requests;a token requester which sends at least one requests for at least onetoken required by the at least one pervasive device; and a tokenresponder which accepts at least one token requests and sends at leastone token response with at least one authentication token to at leastone authorized pervasive device.

For a better understanding of the present invention, together with otherand further features and advantages thereof, reference is made to thefollowing description, taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, and the scope of the invention will be pointed out in theappended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example of a Pervasive Authentication Domain thatincludes several Pervasive Devices and a Personal AuthenticationGateway.

FIG. 2 illustrates the deployment of a method for enabling a user tocommunicate securely using any Pervasive Device within a PervasiveAuthentication Domain while providing authentication and access controlcredentials only to a Personal Authentication Gateway, in the context ofthe environment set forth in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates a technique for a Pervasive Device Automatic TokenClient to obtain a token from a Token Server running on a PersonalAuthentication Gateway.

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates actions taken by the Token Server forthe technique shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates actions taken by the Automatic TokenClient for the technique shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a Token Request message.

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates actions taken to validate a TokenRequest at the Personal Authentication Gateway for the technique shownin FIG. 3.

FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of the Token Response message.

FIG. 9 schematically illustrates the actions taken to validate a TokenResponse at the Automatic Token Client for the technique shown in FIG.3.

FIG. 10 schematically illustrates actions taken to register a PervasiveClient (slave) for membership within a Pervasive Authentication Domain.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In accordance with at least one presently preferred embodiment,pervasive user devices are enabled to retrieve authentication tokensautomatically from an authentication gateway. A typical environment inwhich multiple Pervasive Devices share their user's access credentialsis illustrated in FIG. 1. The figure shows a user 105, his or herPersonal Authentication Gateway 110, a Pervasive Authentication Domain100, and Pervasive Devices inside (115) and outside (120) of thePervasive Authentication Domain.

The user 105 configures the Personal Authentication Gateway 110 tosupport multiple Pervasive Devices 115 within a Pervasive AuthenticationDomain 100. The Personal Authentication Gateway 110 communicates withthe Pervasive Devices 115 and 120 by wired or wireless means. ThePersonal Authentication Gateway allows Pervasive Devices inside thePervasive Authentication Domain to obtain credentials that allow thosePervasive Devices 115 to authenticate to services on behalf of the useras configured in the Personal Authentication Gateway. There is at leastone Personal Authentication Gateway 110 running within a PervasiveAuthentication Domain. The same Personal Authentication Gateway canserve multiple Pervasive Authentication Domains.

It is well known that client applications running on Pervasive Devicesneed to be configured with access credentials or the user of thoseclient application must provide credentials if a client applicationneeds to access an access-controlled server application. Many existingand conceivable Pervasive Devices, however, do not offer user interfacesthat are convenient for entering credentials (for example, anetwork-connected watch) and many users do not want to re-enter usercredentials into many Pervasive Devices. Users thus face the burden ofmaintaining user credentials for each such client application andpervasive domain. For client applications that use pre-configuredcredentials, administrators or users must make changes to theapplications if the credentials change. Users must also maintain theircredentials for each server application and enter them each time clientapplications need access to access-controlled server applications. Toreduce the burden on users, it has been recognized that a mechanism isneeded that enables client applications on all of a user's PervasiveDevices to obtain user credentials for access-controlled serverapplications and represent their user. Such a mechanism should allowonly those Pervasive Devices access to user credentials that are withinthe Pervasive Authentication Domain of the user and are configured inthe Personal Authentication Gateway.

In accordance with at least one presently preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, a Pervasive Device inside the PervasiveAuthentication Domain of a user is enabled to automatically retrievecurrent user credentials and provide them to its client applications,thus allowing them to adequately represent the user. FIG. 2 shows theprocesses involved in a mechanism that can deploy such a method. Atleast one network 200, offering wired or wireless communication,connects at least one Personal Authentication Gateway 205, at least onePervasive Device 215, and optionally one or more servers 230. AnyPersonal Authentication Gateway 205 will preferably include at least oneToken Server 210, while any Pervasive Device 215 will preferably includeat least one Automatic Token Client 220. In at least one embodiment ofthe present invention, the Personal Authentication Gateway 205 can beintegrated into a Pervasive Device 215, in which case the combinedPervasive Device includes at least one Token Server 210. Servers 230include at least one access-controlled Service Application 235 thatrequires clients to provide user credentials before allowing access tothe service.

The Automatic Token Client 220 on a Pervasive Device 215 automaticallyrequests actual user credentials from the Token Server 210 on thePersonal Authentication Gateway 205. The Token Server 210 decides, basedupon its configuration and the Pervasive Authentication Domainboundaries, whether and with which user credentials to respond to TokenRequests from Automatic Token Clients 220. The Automatic Token Client220 on a Pervasive Device 215 may translate credentials provided by theToken Server 210 into credentials understood by Client Applications 225running on this Pervasive Client. When the user logs into the PersonalAuthentication Gateway 205, the Token Server 210 authenticates the userand allows authorized Pervasive Devices to retrieve user credentials.Retrieved user credentials are presented to one or more ServerApplications 235 by the Pervasive Device 215 for authentication.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 3 showsa technique for enabling an Automatic Token Client 320 on a PervasiveDevice 325 inside the Pervasive Authentication Domain to retrieve actualuser credentials from the Token Server 315 on the PersonalAuthentication Gateway 310. In this embodiment, the Token Server 315 isrunning on the Personal Authentication Gateway device 310 and theAutomatic Token Client 320 is running on a Pervasive Device 325.Additionally, the Personal Authentication Gateway can include a PolicyClient 305, which determines if an Automatic Token Client is authorizedto retrieve actual user credentials, and a Token Store 300, which storesuser credential tokens.

An Automatic Token Client 320 sends a Token Request 330 including aunique identification (Slave_ID) of the client to the Token Server 315to retrieve actual user tokens for client applications running on thePervasive Device 325. The Token Server 315 first checks the policy (step345) to determine, based on the Slave_ID, if this Automatic Token Clientis authorized to receive user credentials. Then, the set of usercredentials for this Automatic Token Client are determined, retrieved(step 340) from the Token Store 300, and then sent with a Token ResponseMessage 335 to the Automatic Token Client. In a preferred embodiment,the credentials are designed to expire after a short period of time onthe order of about 10 minutes.

The Automatic Token Client 320 stores retrieved tokens 355 in a localToken Store 350 on the Pervasive Device 325. Client applications on thePervasive Device 325 are supplied with user credentials from the TokenStore 350, which allows client applications to initiate and respond toservices on behalf of the user.

FIG. 4 shows a flowchart that illustrates the actions taken by the TokenServer 315 for the embodiment shown in FIG. 3. The flowchart is enteredin step 400 whenever the device implementing the FIG. 3 embodiment isstarted at the Personal Authentication Gateway 310. In step 405, theToken Server waits for Token Requests from an Automatic Token Client320. Upon receiving a Token Request, the Token Server validates 410 theToken Request. (In a preferred embodiment, the validation of the TokenRequest may be carried out as illustrated in FIG. 7.) In step 415, theToken Server retrieves the Slave_ID of the Pervasive Device which isincluded in the Token Request in a preferred embodiment. In step 420,the Token Server retrieves the identification of the PervasiveAuthentication Domain Domain_ID from the Token Request.

In step 425, the Token Server determines if the Slave_ID and PervasiveAuthentication Domain identification (Domain_ID) obtained from the TokenRequest are permitted to receive tokens. In a preferred embodiment, theToken Server permits the request if the Pervasive Authentication Domainidentification (Domain_ID) in the Token Request matches a PervasiveAuthentication Domain identification of the Token Server, if theSlave_ID obtained from the Token Request has been registered (see FIG.10) with the Personal Authentication Gateway for the given Domain_ID,and if the Pervasive Device is deemed to be secure by the PersonalAuthentication Gateway. In a preferred embodiment, the Pervasive Deviceis deemed to be secure if the user has not indicated otherwise to thePersonal Authentication Gateway, the Pervasive Device has not indicatedotherwise to the Personal Authentication Gateway, and the PervasiveDevice is determined to be within a predetermined distance of thePersonal Authentication Gateway as measured by signal strength in thecase of wireless communication.

If the given Slave_ID and Domain_ID are permitted in step 425, one ormore authentication tokens associated with the Slave_ID and Domain_IDare retrieved in step 435. In a preferred embodiment, the tokens aredesigned to be valid for a short period of time, on the order of 10minutes. The tokens are securely transmitted to the Automatic TokenClient in step 440, and then step 405 is executed. If the given Slave_IDand Domain_ID are not permitted in step 425, then the Token Request isdenied and step 430 is executed. In step 430, the Token Server sends arejection message to the Automatic Token Client and step 405 isexecuted.

FIG. 5 shows a flowchart that illustrates the actions taken by theAutomatic Token Client 320 for the embodiment shown in FIG. 3. Theflowchart is entered in step 500 whenever a Pervasive Device needsauthentication credentials that are not currently stored in thePervasive Device 325. In a preferred embodiment, the Pervasive Deviceenters step 500 during its configuration and setup phase. In step 505,the Automatic Token Client determines its Slave_ID and the Domain_ID ofthe Pervasive Authentication Domain. In a preferred embodiment, theSlave_ID and at least one Domain_ID are assigned to the Automatic TokenClient in the registration phase (see FIG. 10) and are storedpersistently in the Pervasive Device 325. Next, step 510 is executed andthe Automatic Token Client sends a Token Request broadcast (the TokenRequest structure is further detailed in FIG. 6). In step 515, theAutomatic Token Client waits a predetermined time for a response from aToken Server 315. In step 520, if the result is a Token Response, step525 is executed and the tokens included in the response are validatedand added to the Token Store 350 extending the access-controlcapabilities of the Pervasive Device 325. In step 530, the AutomaticToken Client process stops. In step 520, if the answer is a rejection ofthe Token Request or no answer is provided in the specified time, step530 is executed.

FIG. 6 illustrates a Token Request 330 structure sent by the AutomaticToken Client 320 for the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3. TheSlave_ID field 602 and the Domain_ID 605 are identifications for thePervasive Device and the Pervasive Authentication Domain that in apreferred embodiment are given to an Automatic Token Client on thePervasive Device when it registers with a Personal AuthenticationGateway (in other embodiments, the Slave_ID may be generated randomly orbased on characteristics of the Pervasive Device's hardware or softwareand the Domain_ID might be a default value). The Slave_ID providesadditional logical addressing for several Automatic Token Clientssharing the same physical addressing. The Domain_ID distinguishesdifferent domains, such as a home domain or an office domain. TheNonce_(—)128 bit field 610 is a random value generated by the PervasiveDevice that protects against Token Request replay attacks. TheNonce_(—)128 bit field 610, the Slave_ID field 615, and Type field 620are encrypted 625 using symmetric cryptographic encryption algorithm(e.g., Triple-DES).

The DES encryption key, which is called herein the Slave_ID_Secret, iscomputed initially by the Personal Authentication Gateway from a securehash (e.g., SHA1) of the Slave_ID, Domain_ID and a master key only knownto the Gateway. The DES encryption key, Slave_ID_Secret, is securelyprovided to the Pervasive Device by the Personal Authentication Gatewaywhen the Pervasive Device registers with the gateway (see FIG. 10 formore details). The DES encryption allows the Personal AuthenticationGateway to be sure that the Token Request is from the Pervasive Deviceto which the Slave_ID_Secret is known.

The Nonce_(—)128 bit field is decrypted by the Token Server andre-encrypted in the Token Response structure so that the Automatic TokenClient can verify that the Token Response is valid. Because theNonce_(—)128 bit field is encrypted by secrets known only to thePervasive Device and the Personal Authentication Gateway, if thePervasive Device receives a Token Response with the Nonce_(—)128 bitfield 810 repeating the Nonce_(—)128 bit field 610 of a Token Request,then the Token Response is a response to the Token Request from a validPersonal Authentication Gateway. The Slave_ID field 615 is a protectedcopy of the Slave_ID field 602. The Type field 620 is used to indicatethe type of the message (here: Token Request). The encryption 625ensures that only the Personal Authentication Gateway can read theNonce_(—)128 bit field and the Type field, and provides anintegrity-protected copy of the Slave_ID 615.

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart that illustrates the actions taken to validatea Token Request (see FIG. 6) at the Personal Authentication Gateway forthe embodiment shown in FIG. 3. The flowchart is entered in step 700whenever a Token Request 330 arrives at a Token Server 315. In step 705,the Token Server checks to see if its policy allows distribution oftokens to an Automatic Token Client for Slave_ID 602 and Domain_ID 605.If tokens are allowed in step 705, then in step 710 the Token Server 330decrypts the DES-encrypted 625 portion of the Token Request using theSlave_ID_Secret DES key and then step 710 is executed (seeSlave_ID_Secret computation in FIG. 10). If tokens are not allowed forthe Slave_ID/Domain_ID in step 705, then in step 735, the Token Requestis not valid and execution stops in step 740. After decryption in step710, the Nonce_(—)128 bit field 610, Slave_ID field 615, and Type field620 are revealed. In step 720, the Token Server checks to see if theSlave_ID field 615 decrypted in step 710 matches the clear text Slave_IDfield 602. If the Slave_ID fields match if step 720, in step 725 thegateway checks to see if it has tokens of type specified by the Typefield 620 for the Automatic Token Client with the Slave_ID 605. If theSlave_ID fields do not match or the Type field denotes not a TokenRequest in step 720, then step 735 is executed. If the Token Server hastokens for Slave_ID and Domain_ID in step 725, then in step 730 theToken Request valid message is returned and execution stops at step 740.The Token Server does not have matching tokens in step 725, then step735 is executed.

FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of the Token Response 335 message. TheSlave_ID fields 805 and 815 identify the Automatic Token Client 320 thatshould receive the Token Response, and they are the same as the Slave_IDfields 602 and 615 in the corresponding Token Request 330. The Typefield 817 contains the message type (here: Token Response) and theTokens and Checksum field 820 contains the authentication tokens andchecksums for integrity. The Nonce_(—)128 bit field 810, the Slave_IDfield 815, the Type 817 (here: Token Response), and the Tokens andChecksum field 820 are encrypted 825 by the Token Server with triple-DESencryption to ensure that only the Automatic Token Client can read theToken Response. The DES encryption key, Slave_ID_Secret, is computed bythe Personal Authentication Gateway as shown in FIG. 10. TheSlave_ID_Secret is securely provided to the Automatic Token Client whenthe Pervasive Device registers with the Pervasive Authentication Domain(see FIG. 10). The DES encryption allows the Pervasive AuthenticationGateway to ensure that the Slave_ID fields 615 and 602 match Slave_ID ofthe Pervasive Device that can decrypt the tokens and protects the Tokensand Checksum from disclosure against other devices.

FIG. 9 shows a flowchart that illustrates the actions taken to validatea Token Response 335 at the Automatic Token Client 320 for theembodiment shown in FIG. 3. The flowchart is entered in step 900whenever a Token Response 335 arrives at an Automatic Token Client 320.In step 905, the Automatic Token Client checks the Slave_ID field 805 ofthe Token Response to see if it matches its Slave_ID. If the Slave_IDmatches in step 905, then in step 910, the Automatic Token Clientdecrypts the DES-encrypted 825 portion of the Token Response using theSlave_ID_Secret DES key it obtains when the Pervasive Client registerswith the Personal Authentication Gateway (see FIG. 10), and then step915 is executed. If the Slave_ID does not match in step 905, then instep 945 the Token Response is not valid and execution stops in step950. In step 915, the Automatic Token Client checks to see if thedecrypted Slave_ID field 815 matches the clear text Slave_ID field 805and whether the Type field 817 denotes a Token Response. If the Slave_IDfields match and the Type denotes a Token Response message in step 915,then step 920 is executed. If the Slave_ID fields do not match in step915, then step 945 is executed. In step 920, the Automatic Token Clientchecks to see if the decrypted Nonce_(—)128 bit field 810 matches theNonce_(—)128 bit field 610 of the corresponding Token Request. If theNonce_(—)128 bit fields match, then step 925 is executed. If theNonce_(—)128 bit fields do not match, then step 945 is executed. In step925, the Automatic Token Server computes checksums for the tokensreturned in the Tokens and Checksum field 920 and step 930 is executed.In step 930, the Automatic Token Client checks to see if the checksumscomputed in step 925 match the checksum in the Token and Checksum field920. If the checksums match in step 930, then in step 935 the TokenResponse is valid and step 950 is executed. If the checksums do notmatch in step 930, then step 945 is executed.

FIG. 10 shows a flowchart that illustrates the actions taken to registera Pervasive Device 115 (slave) for membership within a PervasiveAuthentication Domain 100. The flowchart is entered in step 1000whenever an Automatic Token Client is registered with a PersonalAuthentication Gateway. In step 1005, the Personal AuthenticationGateway determines its Domain_ID. This Domain_ID may be configured, maybe uniquely chosen by the Personal Authentication Gateway, or may bebased partially on a unique hardware identification. In a preferredembodiment, the Domain_ID is chosen to consist of a concatenation of aunique hardware identification and a non-zero 16 bit integer. In step1010, a unique Slave_ID is chosen for the Automatic Token Client on thePervasive device. In a preferred embodiment, this Slave_ID is non-zeroand chosen to the concatenation of a unique hardware identification anda 16 bit integer. In step 1020, a Slave_ID_Secret is computed as acombination of the Master key known only to the Personal AuthenticationGateway, the Slave_ID, and the Domain_ID of the Pervasive AuthenticationDomain. In a preferred embodiment, the Slave_ID_Secret is computed as aSHA1 Secure Hash of the Master secret, the Slave_ID, and the Domain_IDas shown in step 1020.

In step 1030, values including the Slave_ID, the Domain_ID, and theSlave_ID_Secret are stored on the Automatic Token Client 320 and thenexecution halts at step 1035. In a preferred embodiment, the valuesSlave_ID, Domain_ID, and Slave_ID_Secret are transmitted to theAutomatic Token Client using a shared random password scheme. In theshared random password scheme, the user enters the same random passwordon the Pervasive Device and the Personal Authentication Gateway. ThePersonal Authentication Gateway encrypts the values with the sharedrandom password. It also computes a fingerprint of the encrypted values.The encrypted key is transferred to the Pervasive Device where afingerprint is calculated and the values are decrypted with the sharedrandom password. The fingerprints are compared to help ensure integrityof the transmission. In another embodiment, the values stored on theAutomatic Token Client are transferred to it over an SSL link (protectedby Client and Server certificate authentication) from the PervasiveDevice to the Personal Authentication Gateway. The values may also betransferred using many other mechanisms including Universal Serial Busmemory stick, or hand entry on the Pervasive Device.

In recapitulation, an advantage associated with at least one embodimentof the present invention is that the burden is eased on users byautomatically delivering authentication tokens to authorized devices andprotects those tokens in case the electronic devices are lost or stolen.

It is to be understood that the present invention, in accordance with atleast one presently preferred embodiment, includes a discoverer, a tokenrequestor and a token responder, which together may be implemented on atleast one general-purpose computer running suitable software programs.These may also be implemented on at least one Integrated Circuit or partof at least one Integrated Circuit. Thus, it is to be understood thatthe invention may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combinationof both.

If not otherwise stated herein, it is to be assumed that all patents,patent applications, patent publications and other publications(including web-based publications) mentioned and cited herein are herebyfully incorporated by reference herein as if set forth in their entiretyherein.

Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have beendescribed herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is tobe understood that the invention is not limited to those preciseembodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may beaffected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from thescope or spirit of the invention.

1. A method of enabling at least one pervasive device to retrieve atleast one authentication token from at least one personal authenticationgateway, the at least one pervasive device comprising at least oneautomatic token client application and the at least one personalauthentication gateway comprising at least one token server application,said method comprising the steps of: ascertaining at least one personalauthentication gateway from the at least one pervasive device; sendingat least one token request from at least one pervasive device to atleast one personal authentication gateway; and receiving a tokenresponse at the pervasive device from the at least one personalauthentication gateway.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein saidascertaining step comprises broadcasting a pervasive authenticationdomain discovery request message and receiving at least one discoveryresponse message from the at least one personal authentication gateway.3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said ascertaining stepcomprises looking up a personal authentication gateway address inconfiguration settings.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein theat least one token request comprises a pervasive device identification,a message type, and a protection arrangement for fields of the at leastone token request, the protection arrangement being adapted to ensureintegrity and confidentiality.
 5. The method according to claim 1,wherein said receiving step comprises storing received credentials foruse by other applications.
 6. The method according to claim 1,furthering comprising the step of registering a pervasive device to be amember of a pervasive authentication domain by registering with apersonal authentication gateway.
 7. A method of enabling at least onepersonal authentication gateway to distribute at least oneauthentication token to at least one authorized pervasive device, the atleast one personal authentication gateway comprising at least one tokenserver and the at least one pervasive device comprising at least oneautomatic token client, said method comprising the steps of: receivingat least one token request from at least one pervasive device on atleast one personal authentication gateway; determining whether thepervasive device is authorized to receive authentication tokens; andsending at least one token response to the at least one pervasive devicefrom at least one personal authentication gateway.
 8. The methodaccording to claim 7, wherein said sending step comprises the at leastone personal authentication gateway responding to a pervasiveauthentication domain discovery message from the at least one pervasivedevice.
 9. The method according to claim 8; wherein: said at least onepersonal authentication gateway has a pervasive authentication domain;sending step comprises sending the at least one token response only ifthe pervasive device identification for the pervasive authenticationdomain discovery message is a member of the pervasive authenticationdomain of the at least one personal authentication gateway.
 10. Themethod according to claim 7, wherein said receiving step comprises:determining the pervasive device identification of the at least onetoken request; deriving at least one pervasive authentication domain forthe at least one pervasive device; and retrieving at least oneauthentication token for the pervasive device.
 11. The method accordingto claim 7, wherein the at least one token response sent comprises of apervasive device identification, the message type, authenticationtokens, and a protection arrangement for fields of the at least onetoken response, the protection arrangement being adapted to ensureintegrity and confidentiality.
 12. The method according to claim 7,furthering comprising the step of registering a pervasive device to be amember of a pervasive authentication domain by registering with apersonal authentication gateway.
 13. The method according to claim 12,wherein said registering step comprises: entering the same randompassword on the pervasive device and the personal authenticationgateway; generating on the personal authentication gateway an encryptionkey, Slave_ID_Secret, which is encrypted by the random password;transferring the protected key to the pervasive device and computing afingerprint of the protected key on the personal authentication gateway;and comparing the fingerprint of the received and decrypted protectedkey on the pervasive device.
 14. The method according to claim 13,wherein the encryption key, Slave_ID_Secret, is used as a protectionarrangement for token requests and token responses.
 15. The methodaccording to claim 10, wherein said determining step comprisesvalidating that the at least one pervasive device has been registeredfor the at least one pervasive authentication domain.
 16. The methodaccording to claim 10, wherein said determining step comprisesascertaining whether the at least one pervasive device is within a givendistance of the at least one personal authentication gateway.
 17. Themethod according to claim 10, wherein said determining step comprisesascertaining whether the at least one pervasive device has recently madea previous request.
 18. The method according to claim 10, wherein saiddetermining step comprises ascertaining whether the at least onepervasive device has not sent a message indicating that the at least onepervasive device is no longer to be trusted.
 19. An apparatus forenabling at least one pervasive device to retrieve at least oneauthentication token from at least one personal authentication gateway,said apparatus comprising: a discoverer which finds at least onepersonal authentication gateway capable of responding to token requests;a token requestor which sends at least one requests for at least onetoken required by the at least one pervasive device; and a tokenresponder which accepts at least one token requests and sends at leastone token response with at least one authentication token to at leastone authorized pervasive device.
 20. The apparatus according to claim19, wherein the at least one token request comprises a pervasive deviceidentification, the message type, at least one authentication token, anda protection arrangement for fields of the at least one token request,the protection arrangement being adapted to ensure integrity andconfidentiality.
 21. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein saidprotection arrangement comprises Triple-DES encryption using a long key.22. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein said long key is asecure hash comprised of a master secret known only to the personalauthentication gateway, a pervasive device identification, and apervasive authentication domain identification.
 23. The apparatusaccording to claim 21, wherein said long key is distributed to the atleast one pervasive device during registration.
 24. An apparatuscomprising means for enabling at least one personal authenticationgateway to distribute authentication tokens to at least one authorizedpervasive device, said apparatus comprising: means for registering atleast one pervasive device for membership in a pervasive authenticationdomain; and means for receiving a token request from at least onepervasive device; means for determining whether the at least onepervasive device is authorized to receive authentication tokens; andmeans for sending at least one token response to said at least onepervasive device from at least one personal authentication gateway. 25.A program storage device readable by machine, tangibly embodying aprogram of instructions executable by the machine to perform methodsteps for enabling at least one pervasive device to retrieve at leastone authentication token from at least one personal authenticationgateway, the at least one pervasive device comprising at least oneautomatic token client application and the at least one personalauthentication gateway comprising at least one token server application,said method comprising the steps of: ascertaining at least one personalauthentication gateway from the at least one pervasive device; sendingat least one token request from at least one pervasive device to atleast one personal authentication gateway; and receiving a tokenresponse at the pervasive device from the at least one personalauthentication gateway.
 26. A program storage device readable bymachine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by themachine to perform method steps enabling at least one personalauthentication gateway to distribute authentication tokens to at leastone authorized pervasive device, the at least one personalauthentication gateway comprising at least one token server and the atleast one pervasive device comprising at least one automatic tokenclient, said method comprising the steps of: receiving at least onetoken request from at least one pervasive device on at least onepersonal authentication gateway; determining whether the pervasivedevice is authorized to receive authentication tokens; and sending atleast one token response to the at least one pervasive device from atleast one personal authentication gateway.
 27. An article of manufacturecomprising a computer usable medium having computer readable programcode means embodied therein for causing a computer to effect a method ofenabling at least one pervasive device to retrieve at least oneauthentication token from at least one personal authentication gateway,the at least one pervasive device comprising at least one automatictoken client application and the at least one personal authenticationgateway comprising at least one token server application, said methodcomprising the steps of: ascertaining at least one personalauthentication gateway from the at least one pervasive device; sendingat least one token request from at least one pervasive device to atleast one personal authentication gateway; and receiving a tokenresponse at the pervasive device from the at least one personalauthentication gateway.
 28. An article of manufacture comprising acomputer usable medium having computer readable program code meansembodied therein for causing a computer to effect a method of enablingat least one personal authentication gateway to distribute at least oneauthentication token to at least one authorized pervasive device, the atleast one personal authentication gateway comprising at least one tokenserver and the at least one pervasive device comprising at least oneautomatic token client, said method comprising the steps of: receivingat least one token request from at least one pervasive device on atleast one personal authentication gateway; determining whether thepervasive device is authorized to receive authentication tokens; andsending at least one token response to the at least one pervasive devicefrom at least one personal authentication gateway.
 29. A computerprogram product comprising a computer usable medium having computerreadable program code means embodied therein for causing enablement ofat least one pervasive device to obtain authentication tokens from atleast one personal authentication gateway, the computer readable programcode means in said computer program product comprising computer readableprogram code means for causing a computer to effect an apparatus forenabling at least one pervasive device to retrieve at least oneauthentication token from at least one personal authentication gateway,said apparatus comprising: a discoverer which finds at least onepersonal authentication gateway capable of responding to token requests;a token requester which sends at least one requests for at least onetoken required by the at least one pervasive device; and a tokenresponder which accepts at least one token requests and sends at leastone token response with at least one authentication token to at leastone authorized pervasive device.